( Art Nouveau glass – Wikipedia )
Copied from Wikipedia about glass techniques for Art Nouveau and Art Deco:
Art Nouveau glass is fine glass in the Art Nouveau style. Typically the forms are undulating, sinuous
and colorful art, usually inspired by natural forms. Pieces are generally larger than drinking glasses, and
decorative rather than practical, other than for use as vases and lighting fittings; there is little tableware.
Prominently makers, from the 1890s onwards, are in France René Lalique, Emile Gallé and
the Daum brothers, the American Louis Comfort Tiffany, Christopher Dresser in Scotland and England,
and Friedrich Zitzman, Karl Koepping and Max Ritter von Spaun in Germany. Art Nouveau glass
included decorative objects, vases, lamps, and stained glass windows. It was usually made by hand,
and was usually colored with metal oxides while in a molten state in a furnace.
Techniques and innovations
Art Nouveau glass was in large part due to technical innovations that allowed glass to have more and
better color, to more lustrous, and to have more unusual forms. Some of these techniques had been
used for centuries, but Art Nouveau glass artists greatly expanded the ways they could be used.
- Aventurine glass was first invented in 17th or 18th century Venice. It is made to imitate
aventurine quartz, it is a yellow glass filled with flecks of sparkling copper particles. - Cameo glass is like cased glass, with two layers of different colors. The outer layer is then
engraved with a diamond point or etched with acid to create a two-color design. - Cased glass is made of two layers, often of different colors, one inside the other. The outer
layer (overlay) is created first, then the inner layer is blown inside the first, then the whole
piece is heated so the layers fuse together. - Crackled glass was glass filled with webs of small cracks and fissures, refracting light and
causing the glass to have a sparkling effect.[1] - Émaux-Bijoux was a technique invented by Emile Gallé. Translucent layers of enamel
were built up in layers and then fused to a foil of precious metal, which was then heated and
attached to the outside of the glass object. - Favrile glass was a type of glass invented by Louis Comfort Tiffany. Molten glass was
treated with metallic oxides that were absorbed into the glass and created a distinctive
iridescent surface effect. - Flashed glass fused a thin outer layer of glass to a thicker glass object, often of a different
color. The larger object was dipped into molten glass, then heated to fuse the outer layer to
the object. The outer layer could then be etched, often diamond, to reveal the color
beneath. - Glass marquetry was a technique developed by Émile Gallé in Nancy. It was similar to
marquetry in wood, a method of adding colors that are integral to the body of the piece. It
involves adding thin layers of colored glass to the exterior of a glass object, often with a thin
layer of clear crystal as the outer layer. He then fired the piece in the oven, then the outside
surface was etched by acid or engraved with a diamond to expose the design in the layers
beneath.[2] - Pâte de verre or glass casting is a form of kiln casting which was frequently used by Émile
Gallé and Daum Glass. In this process, finely crushed glass is mixed with a binding
material, such as a mixture of gum arabic and water, and often with colorants and enamels.
The resultant paste is applied to the inner surface of a negative mould forming a coating.
After the coated mould is fired at the appropriate temperature the glass is fused creating a
hollow object that can have thick or thin walls depending on the thickness of the pate de
verre layers